Friday, August 24, 2012 - Litany Lane Blog:
Revelation, Revelation 21:9-14, John 1:45-51, St Bartholomew, Armenia St Bartholomew and St Thaddeus Monasteries, Armenian Apostolic Church
Revelation, Revelation 21:9-14, John 1:45-51, St Bartholomew, Armenia St Bartholomew and St Thaddeus Monasteries, Armenian Apostolic Church
Good Day Bloggers!
Wishing everyone a Blessed Week!
P.U.S.H. (Pray Until Something Happens). It has a remarkable way of producing solace, peace, patience and tranquility and of course resolution...God's always available 24/7..
We are all human. We all experience birth, life and death. We all have
flaws but we also all have the gift knowledge and free will as well,
make the most of it. Life on earth is a stepping to our eternal home in
Heaven. Its your choice whether to rise towards eternal light or lost to
eternal darkness. Material items, though needed for sustenance and
survival on earth are of earthly value only. The only thing that passes
from this earth to Heaven is our Soul, our Spirit...it's God's perpetual
gift to us...Embrace it, treasure it, nurture it, protect it...
"Raise not a hand to another unless it is to offer in peace and goodwill." ~ Zarya Parx 2012
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Today's Word: revelation rev·e·la·tion [rev-uh-ley-shuhn]
Origin: 1275–1325; Middle English revelacion (< Old French ) < Late Latin revēlātiōn- (stem of revēlātiō ), equivalent to Latin revēlāt ( us ) (past participle of revēlāre to reveal) + -iōn- -ion
noun
1. the act of revealing or disclosing; disclosure.
2. something revealed or disclosed, especially a striking disclosure, as of something not before realized.
3. .
a. God's disclosure of Himself and His will to His creatures.
b. an instance of such communication or disclosure.
c. something thus communicated or disclosed.
d. something that contains such disclosure, as the Bible.
4. ( initial capital letter ) Also called Revelations, The Revelation of St. John the Divine. the last book in the new testament; the Apocalypse. Abbreviation: Rev.
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Today's Old Testament Reading - Revelation 21:9-14*
9 One of the seven angels that had the seven bowls full of the seven final plagues came to speak to me and said, 'Come here and I will show you the bride that the Lamb has married.'
10 In the spirit, he carried me to the top of a very high mountain, and showed me Jerusalem, the holy city, coming down out of heaven from God.
11 It had all the glory of God and glittered like some precious jewel of crystal-clear diamond.
12 Its wall was of a great height and had twelve gates; at each of the twelve gates there was an angel, and over the gates were written the names of the twelve tribes of Israel;
13 on the east there were three gates, on the north three gates, on the south three gates, and on the west three gates.
14 The city walls stood on twelve foundation stones, each one of which bore the name of one of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.
| *Revelations is a new testament book but today contents reflects the old testament books. |
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Today's Gospel Reading - John 1,45-51
The next day, Philip found Nathanael and said to him, 'We have found him of whom Moses in the Law and the prophets wrote, Jesus son of Joseph, from Nazareth.' Nathanael said to him, 'From Nazareth? Can anything good come from that place?' Philip replied, 'Come and see.' When Jesus saw Nathanael coming he said of him, 'There, truly, is an Israelite in whom there is no deception.' Nathanael asked, 'How do you know me?' Jesus replied, 'Before Philip came to call you, I saw you under the fig tree.' Nathanael answered, 'Rabbi, you are the Son of God, you are the king of Israel.' Jesus replied, 'You believe that just because I said: I saw you under the fig tree. You are going to see greater things than that.' And then he added, 'In all truth I tell you, you will see heaven open and the angels of God ascending and descending over the Son of man.'
Reflection•
Jesus returned to Galilee. He met Philip and called him telling him:
“Follow me!” The purpose of the call is always the same: “to follow
Jesus”. The first Christians sought to preserve the names of the first
disciples, and of some they even kept their family names and the name of
their place of origin. Philip, Andrew and Peter were from Bethsaida (Jn
1, 44). Nathanael was from Cana. Today many forget the names of the
persons who were at the origin of their communities. To remember the
names is a way of preserving the identity.
• Philip meets Nathanael and speaks to him about Jesus: “We have found him of whom Moses in the Law and the Prophets wrote, Jesus, son of Joseph from Nazareth”. Jesus is the one to whom all the history of the Old Testament refers.
• Nathanael asks: “From Nazareth? Can anything good come from that place?” Probably, even in his question there was some of the rivalry which existed among the small villages of the same region: Cana and Nazareth. Besides, according to the official teaching of the Scribes, the Messiah would come from Bethlehem, in Judah. He could not come from Nazareth in Galilee (Jn 7, 41-42). Andrew gives the same answer which Jesus had given to the other two disciples: “Come and see for yourself!” It is not by imposing, but rather by seeing that persons are convinced. Once again the same way: to meet, to experience, to share, to witness, to lead toward Jesus!
• Jesus sees Nathanael and says: “Truly, he is an Israelite in whom there is no deception”. And affirms that he already knew him when he was under the fig tree. How could Nathanael be an “authentic or true Israelite” if he did not accept Jesus as the Messiah? Nathanael “was under the fig tree”. The fig tree was the symbol of Israel (cf. Mi 4, 4; Zc 3, 10; 1 Kg 5,5). An authentic Israelite is the one who knows how to detach himself from his own ideas when he perceives that they are not in agreement with God’s project. The Israelite who is not ready to bring about this conversion is neither authentic nor honest. Nathanael is authentic. He was waiting for the Messiah according to the official teaching of the time (Jn 7, 41-42.52). This is why at the beginning, he did not accept a Messiah coming from Nazareth. But the encounter with Jesus helped him to understand that God’s project is not always as people imagine or desire that it be. He recognizes, acknowledges his deception or mistake, he changes his idea, accepts God as Messiah and confesses: “Rabi, you are the Son of God: you are the King of Israel !” The confession of Nathanael is only at the beginning: The one who will be faithful will see heaven open and the angels of God ascending and descending over the Son of man. He will experience that Jesus is the new bond of union between God and us, human beings. It is the dream of Jacob which has become a reality (Gen 28, 10-22).
Personal questions
• Which is the title of Jesus that pleases you the most? Why?
• Have you had an intermediary between you and Jesus?
• Which is the title of Jesus that pleases you the most? Why?
• Have you had an intermediary between you and Jesus?
Reference: Courtesy of Order of Carmelites, www.ocarm.org.
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Featured Item of the Day from Litany Lane
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Saint of the Day: St Bartholomew (Nathaniel the Apostle)
Died: 1285
Patron Saint of : Armenia; bookbinders; butchers; Florentine cheese and salt merchants; Gambatesa, Italy; Għargħur, Malta; leather workers; neurological diseases; plasterers; shoemakers; curriers; tanners; trappers; twitching; whiteners
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| Apostles Nathaniel with John, Dossi |
Bartholomew was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, and is usually identified as Nathaniel (alternate spelling: Nathanael) (mentioned in the first chapter of John's Gospel).
He was introduced to Christ through St. Philip, another of the twelve
apostles as per (John 1:43-51), where the name Nathaniel first appears.
He is also mentioned as “Nathaniel of Cana in Galilee” in (John 21:2).
The account of the calling of Nathaniel of Cana occurs at the end of
John 1, immediately followed by the account of Jesus' miracle at the Marriage at Cana
in John 2. The name Nathaniel is the one used for him in St. John’s
Gospel. The relationship between St. Philip and Nathaniel is noted as
per John 1:43-51. Bartholomew (Greek: Βαρθολομαίος, transliterated "Bartholomaios") comes from the Aramaic bar-Tôlmay (תולמי-בר), meaning son of Tolmay (Ptolemy) or son of the furrows (perhaps a ploughman).
According to the Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Church [The Church
of Alexandria, the ancient Church of Egypt, one of the Oldest in
Christianity], his martyrdom is commemorated on the 1st day of the
Coptic Calendar (1st day of the month of "Thout"), which currently falls
on September 11 [this corresponds to August 29 in the Gregorian
Calendar, due to the current 13 day offset between the Julian and
Gregorian Calendars]. The festival in August has been a traditional
occasion for markets and fairs, such as the Bartholomew Fair held in Smithfield, London since the Middle Ages that served as the scene for Ben Jonson's homonymous comedy.
New Testament references
In the East, where Bartholomew's evangelical labours were expended, he was identified as Nathanael, in works by Abdisho bar Berika (often known as Ebedjesu in the West), the 14th century Nestorian metropolitan of Soba, and Elias, the bishop of Damascus. Nathanael is mentioned only in the Gospel according to John. In the Synoptic gospels, Philip
and Bartholomew are always mentioned together, while Nathanael is never
mentioned; in John's gospel, on the other hand, Philip and Nathanael
are similarly mentioned together. Giuseppe Simone Assemani specifically remarks, "the Chaldeans confound Bartholomew with Nathaniel". Some Biblical scholars reject this identification, however.
As Bartholomew
Bartholomew is listed among the Twelve Apostles of Christ in the three Synoptic gospels: Matthew,[10:1-4] Mark,[3:13-19] and Luke,[6:12-16] and also appears as one of the witnesses of the Ascension,[Acts 1:4,12,13]; however each time he is named in the company of Philip. He is not mentioned in John. Nor are there any early acta,[5] the earliest being written by a pseudepigraphical writer who assumed the identity of Abdias of Babylon and is called "the pseudo-Abdias".[6]
As Nathaniel
In the Gospel of John,[1:45-51]
Nathanael is introduced as a friend of Philip. He is described as
initially being skeptical about the Messiah coming from Nazareth,
saying: "Can anything good come out of Nazareth?", but nonetheless,
follows Philip's invitation. Jesus immediately characterizes him as
"Here is a man in whom there is no deception." Some scholars hold that
Jesus' quote "Before Philip called you, when you were under the fig
tree, I saw you", is based on a Jewish figure of speech referring to
studying the Torah. Nathaniel recognizes Jesus as "the Son of God" and "the King of Israel". Nathaniel reappears at the end of John's gospel[21:2] as one of the disciples to whom Jesus appeared at the Sea of Galilee after the Resurrection.
Tradition
Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History (v §10) states that after the Ascension, Bartholomew went on a missionary tour to India, where he left behind a copy of the Gospel of Matthew. Other traditions record him as serving as a missionary in Ethiopia, Mesopotamia, Parthia, and Lycaonia.
Along with his fellow apostle Jude, Bartholomew is reputed to have brought Christianity to Armenia in the 1st century. Thus both saints are considered the patron saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
He is said to have been martyred in Albanopolis in Armenia. According to one account, he was beheaded, but a more popular tradition holds that he was flayed alive and crucified, head downward. He is said to have converted Polymius, the king of Armenia, to Christianity. Astyages, Polymius' brother, consequently ordered Bartholomew's execution. The 13th century Saint Bartholomew Monastery was a prominent Armenian monastery constructed at the site of the martyrdom of Apostle Bartholomew in the Vaspurakan Province of Greater Armenia (now in southeastern Turkey).
Mission in India
Two ancient testimonies exist about the mission of Saint Bartholomew in India. These are of Eusebius of Caesarea (early 4th century) and of Saint Jerome (late 4th century). Both these refer to this tradition while speaking of the reported visit of Pantaenus to India in the 2nd century.
The studies of Fr A.C Perumalil SJ and Moraes hold that the Bombay
region on the Konkan coast, a region which may have been known as the
ancient city Kalyan, was the field of Saint Bartholomew's missionary
activities.
Bartholomew's relics
The 6th-century writer in Constantinople, Theodorus Lector, averred that in about 507 Emperor Anastasius gave the body of Bartholomew to the city of Dura-Europos, which he had recently re-founded. The existence of relics at Lipari, a small island off the coast of Sicily, in the part of Italy controlled from Constantinople, was explained by Gregory of Tours by his body having miraculously washed up there: a large piece of his
skin and many bones that were kept in the Cathedral of St Bartholomew
the Apostle, Lipari, were translated to Beneventum in 803, and to Rome in 983 by Holy Roman Emperor Otto II, conserved at the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola.
In time, the church there inherited an old pagan medical centre. This
association with medicine in course of time caused Bartholomew's name to
become associated with medicine and hospitals. Some of Bartholomew's skull was transferred to the Frankfurt Cathedral, while an arm is venerated in Canterbury Cathedral today.
Miracles
Of the many miracles performed by Bartholomew before and after his
death, two very popular ones are known by the townsfolk of the small
island of Lipari.
The people of Lipari celebrated his feast day annually. The tradition
of the people was to take the solid silver and gold statue from inside
the Cathedral of St Bartholomew and carry it through the town. On one
occasion, when taking the statue down the hill towards the town, it
suddenly got very heavy and had to be set down. When the men carrying
the statue regained their strength they lifted it a second time. After
another few seconds, it got even heavier. They set it down and attempted
once more to pick it up. They managed to lift it but had to put it down
one last time. Within seconds, walls further downhill collapsed. If the
statue had been able to be lifted, all the towns people would have been
killed.
During World War II, the Fascist regime (German/Italian) looked for
ways to finance their activities. The order was given to take the silver
statue of St Bartholomew and melt it down. The statue was weighed, and
it was found to be only a few grams. It was returned to its place in the
Cathedral of Lipari. In reality, the statue is made from many kilograms
of silver and it is considered a miracle that it was not melted down.
St Bartholomew is credited with many other miracles having to do with the weight of objects.
References:
- "St. Bartholomew". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
- Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4.
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Today's Snippets : Armenia, St Bartholomew and St Thaddeus Jude Monestaries
Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 405 AD.
Armenia is an emerging democracy and as of 2011 was negotiating with the European Union to become an associate member. It has the right to be an EU member provided it meets necessary standards and criteria.
The Government of Armenia holds European integration as a key priority
in its foreign policy as it is considered a European country by the
European Union.
Etymology
The native Armenian name for the country is Hayk’. The name in the Middle Ages was extended to Hayastan, by addition of the Iranian suffix -stan (place). The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk (Հայկ), the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah, who according to the 5th century author Moses of Chorene defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC, and established his nation in the Ararat region. The further origin of the name is uncertain.
The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun inscription (515 BC) as Armina (
). Ancient Greek Armenia, Αρμενια Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon,
a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes
many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality. He relates that
the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of
the Persians. According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendent of Hayk.
). Ancient Greek Armenia, Αρμενια Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon,
a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes
many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality. He relates that
the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of
the Persians. According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendent of Hayk.Geography
Armenia is landlocked in the South Caucasus. Located between the Black and Caspian Seas, the country is bordered on the north and east by Georgia and Azerbaijan, and on the south and west by Iran and Turkey.
Topography
The Republic of Armenia, covering an area of 29,743 square kilometres (11,484 sq mi), is located in the north-east of the Armenian Highland. The terrain is mostly mountainous, with fast flowing rivers and few forests. The climate is highland continental, which means that the country is subjected to hot summers and cold winters. The land rises to 4,090 metres (13,419 ft) above sea-level at Mount Aragats, and no point is below 390 metres (1,280 ft) above sea level.
Mount Ararat,
which was historically part of Armenia, is the highest mountain in the
region. Now located in Turkey, but clearly visible in Armenia, it is
regarded by the Armenians as a symbol of their land. Because of this, the mountain is present on the Armenian national emblem today.
Environment
Armenia has established a Ministry of Nature Protection and introduced taxes for air and water pollution and solid waste disposal, whose revenues are used for environmental protection activities. Waste management in Armenia is underdeveloped as no waste sorting or recycling takes place at Armenia's 60 landfills.
Despite the availability of abundant renewable energy sources in Armenia (especially hydroelectric and wind power) the Armenian Government is working toward building a new Nuclear Power Plant at Medzamor near Yerevan.
Climate
The climate in Armenia is markedly continental. Summers are dry and
sunny, lasting from June to mid-September. The temperature fluctuates
between 22 and 36 °C (72 and 97 °F). However, the low humidity level
mitigates the effect of high temperatures. Evening breezes blowing down
the mountains provide a welcome refreshing and cooling effect. Springs
are short, while falls are long. Autumns are known for their vibrant and
colorful foliage.
Winters are quite cold with plenty of snow, with temperatures ranging between -10 and -5 °C (14 and 23 °F). Winter sports enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hills of Tsakhkadzor, located thirty minutes outside Yerevan. Lake Sevan,
nestled up in the Armenian highlands, is the second largest lake in the
world relative to its altitude, at 1,900 metres (6,234 ft) above sea level.
History
Antiquity
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| The Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest extent under Tigranes the Great, who reigned between 95 and 66 BC |
Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat, upon which Noah's Ark is said to have come to rest after the flood. (Bible, Gen. 8:4). There is evidence of an advanced early civilization in Armenia in the Bronze Age, dating to about 4000 B.C. Recent archaeological studies found the world's earliest leather shoe, skirt, and wine-producing facility.
Several bronze-era states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BC). The Nairi people (12th to 9th centuries BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000–600 BC) successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by king Argishti I. Yerevan is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation.
Around 600 BC, the Kingdom of Armenia was established under the Orontid Dynasty. The kingdom reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great,
becoming one of the most powerful kingdoms of its time within the
region. In the next centuries Armenia was on the orbit of the Persian Empire.
Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of
independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires.
Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to
invasions by many peoples, including the Assyrians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Mongols, Persians, Ottoman Turks and Russians.
Religion in ancient Armenia was historically related to a set of beliefs which in Persia led to the emergence of Zoroastrianism. It particularly focused on the worship of Mihr (Avestan Mithra) and also included a pantheon of native Aryan gods, such as Aramazd, Vahagn, Anahit, and Astghik. The country used the solar Hayk Armenian calendar, which consisted of 12 months.
Christianity spread into the country as early as AD 40. King Tiridates III (AD 238–314) made Christianity the state religion in AD 301, becoming the first officially Christian state, ten years before the Roman Empire granted Christianity an official toleration under Galerius, and 36 years before Constantine the Great was baptized.
After the fall of the Armenian kingdom in AD 428, most of Armenia was incorporated as a marzpanate within the Sassanid Empire. Following an Armenian rebellion in AD 451, Christian Armenians maintained their religious freedom, while Armenia gained autonomy.
Middle Ages
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| Etchmiadzin Cathedral – oldest church in world built by state. |
After the Marzpanate period (428–636), Armenia emerged as the Emirate of Armenia, an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, recognised by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiyya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its center in the Armenian city Dvin. The Principality of Armenia lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Arabic Empire.
The re-emergent Armenian kingdom was ruled by the Bagratuni dynasty,
and lasted until 1045. In time, several areas of the Bagratid Armenia
separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom
of Vaspurakan ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south, Kingdom of Syunik in the east, or Kingdom of Artsakh on the territory of modern Nagorno Karabakh, while still recognizing the supremacy of the Bagratid kings.
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| The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1199–1375. |
In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the
other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The
Byzantine rule was short lived, as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established.
Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself
as a bastion of Christendom in the East. Cilicia's significance in
Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the
seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, spiritual
leader of the Armenian people, to the region.
The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia, known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.
Early Modern era
During the 1230s, the Mongol Empire
conquered the Zakaryan Principality, as well as the rest of Armenia.
The Mongolian invasions were soon followed by those of other Central Asian tribes (Kara Koyunlu, Timurid and Ak Koyunlu),
which continued from the 13th century until the 15th century. After
incessant invasions, each bringing destruction to the country, Armenia
in time became weakened. During the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia divided Armenia among themselves. From 1604 Abbas I of Persia
implemented a "scorched earth" policy in the region to protect his
north-western frontier against any invading Ottoman forces, a policy
which involved the forced resettlement of many Armenians from their homelands. The Russian Empire later incorporated Eastern Armenia (consisting of the Erivan and Karabakh khanates within Persia) in 1813 and 1828.
Under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy
within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other
groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as
Christians under a strict Muslim social system, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire, Sultan ‘Abdu’l-Hamid II,
in response, organised state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians
between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to
300,000 people. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan".
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse and in 1908 the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.
World War I and the Armenian Genocide
When World War I broke out leading to confrontation of the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Russian army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.
There was local Armenian resistance
in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire.
The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast
majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass
killings, or genocide. Turkish authorities, however, maintain that the deaths were the result of a civil war coupled with disease and famine, with casualties incurred by both sides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during the Armenian Genocide in 1915–16.
According to the International Association of Genocide Scholars, the death toll was "more than a million". Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have been campaigning for official recognition
of the events as genocide for over 30 years. These events are
traditionally commemorated yearly on 24 April, the Armenian Martyr Day,
or the Day of the Armenian Genocide.
Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA)
Although the Russian army succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.
This federation, however, only lasted from February to May 1918, when
all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, Eastern Armenia
became independent as the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) on 28 May.
The DRA's short-lived independence was fraught with war, territorial disputes, and a mass influx of refugees from Ottoman Armenia bringing with them disease and starvation. The Entente Powers,
appalled by the actions of the Ottoman government, sought to help the
newly found Armenian state through relief funds and other forms of
support.
At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres
promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to
attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it. Because the new
borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson, Ottoman Armenia is also referred to as "Wilsonian Armenia." In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.
There was even consideration of possibly making Armenia a mandate
under the protection of the United States. The treaty, however, was
rejected by the Turkish National Movement, and never came into effect. The movement, under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, used the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the rightful government of Turkey, replacing the monarchy based in Istanbul with a republic based in Ankara.
In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east and the Turkish-Armenian War began. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920.
The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces,
cede more than 50% of its pre-war territory, and to give up all the
"Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously,
the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.
Soviet Armenia
Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.
The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR).
Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule.
They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and
communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent
final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the
church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians. As with various other ethnic groups who lived in the Soviet Union during Stalin's Great Purge, tens of thousands of Armenians were either executed or deported.
Armenia was spared the devastation and destruction that wrought most of the western Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War of World War II. The Nazis
never reached the South Caucasus, which they intended to do in order to
capture the oil fields in Azerbaijan. Still, Armenia played a valuable
role in aiding the allies both through industry and agriculture. An
estimated 500,000 Armenians, out of a population of 1.4 million, were
mobilised. 175,000 of these men died in the war.
Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev
emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia
began to see rapid improvement. The church which suffered greatly under
Stalin was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.
During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika,
Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country,
opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions
also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970.
The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia.
Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met
with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.
Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created
disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for
independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces
(MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the
establishment of the 1918 Democratic Republic of Armenia. The violence
resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the
MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used
excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.
Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.
Restoration of independence
 |
| The Republic Square in Yerevan |
On 23 August 1990, Armenia declared independence, becoming the first
non-Baltic republic to secede from the Soviet Union. When, in 1991, the
Soviet Union was dissolved, Armenia's independence was officially
recognized. However, the initial post-Soviet years were marred by
economic difficulties as well as the break-out of a full-scale armed
confrontation between the Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh War). The economic problems had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively crippled Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.
The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire
was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh
Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's
internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediated by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE). The status of Karabakh has yet to be determined. The economies
of both countries have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution
and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the
time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in
1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had
been displaced.
As it enters the 21st century, Armenia faces many hardships. It has made a full switch to a market economy and as of 2012, is the 39th most economically free nation in the world. Its relations with Europe, the Middle East, and the Commonwealth of Independent States
have allowed Armenia to increase trade. Gas, oil, and other supplies
come through two vital routes: Iran and Georgia. Armenia maintains
cordial relations with both countries.
Culture
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| Mesrop Mashtots by Francesco Maggiotto |
Armenians have their own distinctive alphabet and language. The alphabet was invented in AD 405 by Saint Mesrob Mashtots
and consists of thirty-eight letters, two of which were added during
the Cilician period. 96% of the people in the country speak Armenian,
while 75.8% of the population additionally speaks Russian although
English is becoming increasingly popular.
Music and dance
Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan's well-known duduk music, as well as light pop, and extensive Christian music. Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant
which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of
these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times,
while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint
Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.
The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the
settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians
kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their
music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the
so called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle
Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western
instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances
of Western Armenia,
and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey
and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band
Jazz of the time.
Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian
diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop
music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 60s and 70s with
artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia. Also with artists such as Sirusho,
performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's
entertainment industry. Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in
classical or international music circles are world renown French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs
are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism
and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.
Art
 |
| Cafesjian Museum of modern art |
Yerevan Vernissage
(arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with
hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and
Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market
offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool
carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus specialty. Obsidian,
which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and
ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition,
populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items.
Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture—nesting dolls,
watches, enamel boxes and so on, are also available at the Vernisage.
Across from the Opera House, a popular art market fills another city
park on the weekends. Armenia’s long history as a crossroads of the ancient world has resulted in a landscape with innumerable fascinating archaeological sites to explore. Medieval, Iron Age, Bronze Age and even Stone Age
sites are all within a few hours drive from the city. All but the most
spectacular remain virtually undiscovered, allowing visitors to view
churches and fortresses in their original settings.
The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan
Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art
on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in
operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating
exhibitions and sales.
Religion
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| The 7th century Khor Virap monastery in the shadow of Mount Ararat, the peak on which Noah's Ark is said to have landed during the biblical flood. |
Armenia was the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion, an event traditionally dated to AD 301. The predominant religion in Armenia is Christianity. The roots of the Armenian Church go back to the 1st century. According to tradition, the Armenian Church was founded by two of Jesus' twelve apostles – Thaddaeus and Bartholomew – who preached Christianity in Armenia between AD 40–60. Because of these two founding apostles, the official name of the Armenian Church is Armenian Apostolic Church.
Over 93% of Armenian Christians belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a form of Oriental (Non-Chalcedonian) Orthodoxy, which is a very ritualistic, conservative church, roughly comparable to the Coptic and Syriac churches. Armenian Apostolic Church is in communion only with a group of churches within Oriental Orthodoxy. Other religious denominations in Armenia are the Baptists and Presbyterians.
Catholics also exist in Armenia, both Latin rite and Mekhitarist Catholics. The Mechitarists (also spelled "Mekhitarists" Armenian: Մխիթարեան), are a congregation of Benedictine monks of the Armenian Catholic Church founded in 1712 by Mekhitar of Sebaste. They are best known for their series of scholarly publications of ancient Armenian versions of otherwise lost ancient Greek texts.
The Armenian Catholic denomination is headquartered in Bzoummar, Lebanon. The Yazidi Kurds, who live in the western part of the country, practice Yazidism. There are also non-Yazidi Kurds who practice Sunni Islam. There is a Jewish community in Armenia diminished to 750 persons since independence with most emigrants leaving for Israel. There are currently two synagogues in Armenia – in the capital, Yerevan, and in the city of Sevan located near Lake Sevan
Saint Bartholomew Monastery
 |
The Saint Bartholomew Monastery
at the site of the Apostle's martyrdom
in historical Armenia
|
The Saint Bartholomew Monastery (Armenian: Սուրբ Բարթողոմէօս Վանք) is a 13th-18th century Armenian monastery built in what was then the Vaspurakan Province of Greater Armenia, now near the town of Başkale (Albayrak) in the Van Province of southeastern Turkey. It was formerly considered one of the most important pilgrimage sites of the Armenian people.
History
The monastery was built on the traditional site of the martyrdom of the Apostle Bartholomew who is reputed to have brought Christianity to Armenia in the 1st century. Along with Saint Thaddeus, Saint Bartholomew is considered the patron saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Current condition
At an unknown date after the Armenian Genocide,
the monastery came under the control of the Turkish military and its
entire site now lies within the compound of an army base and is
inacessible to visitors. The dome of its church was still intact in the
early 1960s, but the whole structure is now very heavily ruined and the
dome is entirely gone.
Saint Thaddeus Monastery
 |
| Saint Thaddeus Armenian Monastery |
The Saint Thaddeus Monastery (Armenian: Սուրբ Թադէոսի վանք - Sourb Tadeos Vank; Azerbaijani and Persian: قره کلیسا or Kara Kilise, literally "The Black Church") is an ancient Armenian monastery located in the mountainous area of Iran's West Azarbaijan Province, about 20 kilometers from the town of Maku.
The monastery is visible from a distance because of the massiveness
of the church, strongly characterized by the polygonal drums and conical
roofs of its two domes. There are several chapels nearby: three on the
hills east of the stream, one approximately 3km south of the monastery
on the road to Bastam, and another that serves as the church for the
village of Ghara-Kilise.
History and architecture
One of the 12 Apostles, St. Thaddeus, also known as Saint Jude, (not to be confused with Judas Iscariot), was martyred while spreading the Gospel. He is revered as an apostle of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Legend has it that a church dedicated to him was first built on the present site in AD 68. Not much appears to remain of the original church, which was
extensively rebuilt in 1329 after an earthquake damaged the structure in
1319. Nevertheless, some of the parts surrounding the altar apse date from the 10th century. Most of the present structure dates from the early 19th century when Qajar prince Abbas Mirza
helped in renovations and repairs. The 19th century additions are from
carved sandstone. The earliest parts are of black and white stone, hence
its Turkish name Kara Kilise, the Black Church. A fortified wall surrounds the church and its now-abandoned monastery buildings.
In July 2008, the St. Thaddeus monastery was added to UNESCO's World
Heritage List, along with two other Armenian monuments located in the
same province: Saint Stepanos Monastery and the chapel of Dzordzor.
Notable details
Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew
According to Armenian Church tradition, the Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew
traveled through Armenia in AD 45 to preach the word of God; many
people were converted and numerous secret Christian communities were
established there.
The ancient Christian historian Moses of Khorene tell the following story, considered a legend by most modern historiography. Thaddeus converted King Abgar V of Edessa. After his death, the Armenian kingdom was split into two parts. His son Ananun crowned himself in Edessa, while his nephew Sanatruk ruled in Armenia.
About AD 66, Ananun gave the order to kill St. Thaddeus in Edessa. The
king's daughter Sandokht, who had converted to Christianity, was
martyred with Thaddeus. Her tomb is said to be located near the Ghara Kelisa.
Services
It only has one service a year, on the Day of St. Thaddeus (near July
first), which is attended by Armenian pilgrims from all over Iran and
other countries.
Armenian Apostolic Church
 |
| One Holy Universal Apostolic Orthodox Armenian Church |
The Armenian Apostolic Church (Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի, Hayastaneayc’ Aṙak’elakan Ekeġec’i) is the world's oldest National Church, is part of Oriental Orthodoxy, and is one of the most ancient Christian communities. Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as its official religion in 301
AD, in establishing this church. The Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church
claims to trace its origins to the missions of Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus in the 1st century and is an early center of Christianity.
The official name of the Church is the One Holy Universal Apostolic Orthodox Armenian Church. It is sometimes referred to as the Gregorian Church, but the latter name is not preferred by the Church, as it views the Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus as the founders, and St. Gregory the Illuminator as merely the first official governor of the Church.
History
 |
| Baptism of Tiridates III. |
Various legends tie the origin of the Armenian Church to the
Apostles. Apostolic succession is an important concept for many
churches, especially those in the east. The legend of the healing of Abgar V of Edessa by the facecloth of Jesus has been appropriated by the Armenian Church in claiming that Abgar was a prince of Armenia. The more common tradition claims that St. Thaddaeus, one of the Twelve Apostles,
was sent to Armenia from nearby Edessa by Abgar (uncle of King
Sanatrook of Armenia) to evangelize. The details of the story vary
widely, but in all stories Thaddeus converted Sandookdht, the king's
daughter. In some versions Sanatrook was also converted, but later apostatized.
In other versions, he was never converted, but was always hostile to
Christianity. Sanatrook martyred both Thaddeus and Sandookdht. Some
versions have the apostle St. Bartholomew arriving in Armenia about the same time to also be martyred.
Christianity reached Armenia at an early date; persecutions against
Christians in 110, 230, and 287 were recorded by the outside writers Eusebius and Tertullian.
The Kingdom of Armenia was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion when St. Gregory the Illuminator converted King Tiridates III and members of his court,an event dated to AD 301. Gregory, trained in Christianity and ordained to the presbyterate at Caesarea,
returned to his native land to preach about 287, the same time that
Tiridates III took the throne. Tiridates owed his position to the Roman
Emperor Diocletian, a noted persecutor of Christianity. In addition, he became aware that Gregory was a son of Anak the Parthian, the man who assassinated his father.
Tiridates imprisoned Gregory in an underground pit, called Khor Virap,
for 13 years. In 301, 37 Christian virgins, among whom was Saint Nune
(St. Nino for Georgia), who later became the founder of the Georgian Orthodox Church, came to Armenia in flight from Roman persecution. Tiridates desired Rhipsime to be his wife, but she refused. Enraged, he martyred all of them. According to legend, God struck him with an illness that left him crawling like a beast. (The story is reminiscent of Nebuchadnezzar II in Daniel 4.) Khosrovidukht,
the king’s sister, dreamed that she was told that the persecution of
Christians must stop. She told Tiridates, who released Gregory from
prison. Gregory healed Tiridates, who converted to Christianity and declared Armenia to be a Christian nation. It was the first.
Tiridates declared Gregory to be the first Catholicos
of the Armenian Church and sent him to Caesarea to be consecrated. Upon
his return, Gregory tore down shrines to idols, built churches and monasteries, and ordained many priests and bishops.
While meditating in the old capital city of Vagharshapat, Gregory had a
vision of Christ's coming to the earth to strike it with a hammer. From
the spot rose a great Christian temple with a huge cross. He was
convinced that God intended him to build the main Armenian church there.
With the king's help, he did so, along the lines of his vision. He
renamed the city Etchmiadzin, which means "the place of the descent of the only-begotten". Initially the Armenian church participated in the larger church world. Its Catholicos was represented at the First Council of Nicea and the First Council of Constantinople. Although unable to attend the Council of Ephesus, the Catholicos Isaac Parthiev sent a message agreeing with its decisions.
The Armenian Church began to distance itself from the Roman concept
of the Universal Church when, in 373, King Pap appointed Catholicos Husik without first sending him to Caesarea for commissioning. Christianity was strengthened in Armenia in the 5th century by the translation of the Bible into the Armenian language by the native theologian, monk, and scholar St. Mesrob Mashtots. Prior to the 5th century, Armenians had their own spoken language, but it was not written, thus The Bible and Liturgy were written in Greek
or Syriac rather than Armenian. The Catholicos Sahak commissioned
Mesrob to create an Armenian alphabet, which he completed in 406.
Subsequently the Bible and Liturgy were translated into Armenian and
written down in the new script. The translation of the Bible, along with
the translation of other works of history, literature and philosophy, caused a flowering of Armenian literature and a broader cultural renaissance.
Unlike the Bible used in other Eastern Churches, the Armenian Bible originally had 39 books in the Old Testament. What are commonly called the Apocrypha or Deuterocanonical books were not translated until the 8th century and not read in the churches until the 12th century.
Structure and leadership
The Armenian Apostolic Church is the central religious authority for the Armenian Orthodox population in the Republic of Armenia as well as for Armenian Orthodox communities worldwide. It is headed by a Catholicos (the plural is Catholicoi). Although it is traditional in Eastern churches for the supreme head of the church to be named 'Patriarch',
in the Armenian Apostolic Church hierarchy, the position of the
Catholicos is higher than that of the Patriarch. The Armenian Apostolic
Church presently has two catholicoi (His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians; and Aram I, Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia), and two patriarchs, plus primates, archbishops and bishops, lower clergy and laity serving the Church.
Two Catholicosates
The Armenian Apostolic Church currently has two sees, with the Catholicos of All Armenians residing in Etchmiadzin, Armenia, at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, having pre-eminent supremacy in all spiritual matters over the See of Cilicia, located in Antelias, Lebanon, which administers to the dioceses under its jurisdiction as they see fit.
Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin
 |
| The Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Armenia |
The Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin (Armenian: Մայր Աթոռ Սուրբ Էջմիածին
) is the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the worldwide
Armenian Church, the center of the faith of the Armenian nation – the
Mother Cathedral of the Armenian Church, and the Pontifical residence of
His Holiness Karekin II,
Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians. The Mother See of
Holy Etchmiadzin is a blend of the past, present and future of the
worldwide Armenian Church.
Preserving the past are the numerous museums, libraries and the
Mother Cathedral itself, all holding a vast richness of history and
treasures. The Mother See is responsible for the preservation of
artifacts, both those created by the Church and those given to the
church as gifts over time.
Carrying on the work of the present and future are the innumerable
departments and programs of the Armenian Church. Under the leadership
and guidance of His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and
Catholicos of All Armenians, the Mother See administers to social,
cultural and educational programs for Armenia and the Diaspora.
The Mother Cathedral, founded by the Descent of Christ, has stood as a
symbol against time of the Armenian faith, nation and people. The
Cathedral is the most recognised landmark of the Armenian Church. Built
and consecrated by St. Gregory the Illuminator and St. Trdat the Great in AD 303, the Cathedral is located in the city of Vagharshapat, Armenia.
St. Gregory chose the location of the Cathedral in accordance with a
vision that he had. In his dream he saw "Miatsin", the Only Begotten Son
of God, with glittering light on his face descending from the Heavens
and with a golden hammer striking the ground where the Cathedral was to
be located. Hence comes the name "Etchmiadzin", which translates
literally to "the place" where the Only-Begotten Son of God descended.
The Mother Cathedral is open to the faithful everyday from 7:30 a.m. until 8:00 p.m. Divine Liturgy
is celebrated every Sunday starting at 11:00 a.m., except on feast days
or special occasions when it starts at 10:30 a.m. Morning services are
conducted starting at 7:30 a.m. Monday through Saturday and at 8:00 a.m.
on Sunday. Evening Services are conducted at 5:30 p.m. every day.
Great House of Cilicia
 |
| Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral (1940) in Antelias, Lebanon |
The Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia (Armenian: Կաթողիկոսութիւն Հայոց Մեծի Տանն Կիլիկիոյ ) located in Antelias, Lebanon, is a regional See of the Armenian Apostolic Church and is an autonomous church with jurisdiction over certain segments of the Armenian diaspora.
Catholicos Aram I
is the current head and Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia. The See
has current jurisdiction over dioceses and prelacies in Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, Greece, Iran, the Persian Gulf, the United States, Canada and Venezuela.
In the United States and Canada, there are also Prelacies and Dioceses
that are related to the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, so there is
duality of representation of Armenian Apostolic churches in these two
countries.
The primacy of honour of the Catholicossate of Etchmiadzin (Mother
See of Holy Etchmiadzin) has always been recognized by the Catholicosate
of Great House of Cilicia.
The history of the Holy See of Cilicia as an autocephalous church is
as follows: after the fall of Ani and the Armenian Kingdom of the
Bagradits in 1045, masses of Armenians migrated to Cilicia
and the Catholicossate settled there. The seat of the church (now known
as the Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia) was first
established in Sivas (AD 1058) moving to Tavbloor (1062), then to Dzamendav (1066), Dzovk (1116), Hromgla (1149), and finally to Sis (1293), then-capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Beginning in 1293 and continuing for more than 6 centuries, the city of Sis (modern-day Kozan, Adana, Turkey) was the center of the Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia. After the fall of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia,
in 1375, the Church continued in its leadership role in the Armenian
community, and the Catholicos was recognized as Ethnarch (Head of
Nation).
In 1441, a new Catholicos was elected in St. Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos I Virapetsi of Armenia. At the same time the residing Catholicos in Sis, Gregory IX Mousabegian (1439–1446), remained as Catholicos of Cilicia.
Since 1441, there have continued to be two Catholicossates in the
Armenian Church, each having equal rights and privileges, and each with
its respective jurisdictions.
During the First World War and the 1915 Armenian Genocide,
the Armenian population and the home of the Catholicossate at the
Monastery of St. Sophia of Sis (which can be seen to dominate the town
in early 20th century photographs), was destroyed. The last residing Catholicos in Sis was Sahag II of Cilicia (Catholicos from 1902 to 1939), who followed his Armenian flock into exile from Turkey. Since 1930, the Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia (also known as Holy See of Cilicia) has been headquartered in Antelias, Lebanon.
Reasons for the division
The division of the two Catholicossates stemmed from frequent
relocations of Church headquarters due to political and military
upheavals.
The division between the two sees intensified during the Soviet period and to some extent reflected the politics of the Cold War. The ARF
Dashnaktsutyun nationalist political party that had dominated the
independent Republic of Armenia from 1918 to 1920 and was active in the
diaspora, saw the Church and clergy, with its worldwide headquarters at
Echmiadzin in the Soviet Republic of Armenia,
as a captive Communist puppet, and accused its clergy in the US as
unduly influenced by Communists, particularly as the clergy were
reluctant to participate in nationalist events and memorials that could
be perceived as anti-Soviet. On December 24, 1933, a group of assassins attacked Eastern Diocese Archbishop Levon Tourian as he walked down the aisle of Holy Cross Armenian Church in the Washington Heights
neighborhood of New York City during the Divine Liturgy, and killed him
with a butcher knife. Nine Tashnags were later arrested, tried and
convicted. The incident divided the Armenian community, as Tashnag
sympathizers established congregations independent of Etchmiadzin,
declaring loyalty instead to the See based in Antelias in Lebanon. The
division was formalized in 1956 when the Antelias (Cilisian) See broke
away from the Echmiadzin See.
The separation has become entrenched in the United States, with most
large Armenian communities having two parish churches, one answering to
each See, even though they are theologically indistinguishable. There
have been numerous lay and clergy efforts at reunion, especially since
the fall of the Soviet Union.
In 1995, Karekin II, Catholicos of Cilicia for the period 1983–1994, was elected Catholicos in Echmiadzin upon the death of Vazgen I, becoming Karekin I
Catholicos of All Armenians, and serving as Supreme head of the church
until 1999. He was not able, however, to unite the two Catholicossates,
despite having headed both.
Two Patriarchates: Constantinople and Jerusalem
The Armenian Apostolic Church also has two Patriarchates of high authority both under the jurisdiction of the Catholicos of All Armenians. They are:
- Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (Armenian: Առաքելական Աթոռ Սրբոց Յակովբեանց Յերուսաղեմ literally Apostolic Seat of St. James in Jerusalem) in the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem headed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Archbishop Torkom Manoogian
- Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in Istanbul, Turkey (Armenian: Պատրիարքութիւն Հայոց Կոստանդնուպոլսոյ) headed since 1998 by Patriarch of Constantinople Archbishop Mesrob II Mutafyan
Comparison to other churches
Liturgically speaking, the Church has much in common both with the Latin Rite in its externals, especially as it was at the time of separation, as well as with the Eastern Orthodox Churches. For example, their bishops wear mitres almost identical to those of Western bishops. They usually do not use a full iconostasis, but rather a curtain (which was also used in the West at the time of separation). The liturgical music is Armenian chant. Many of the Armenian churches also have pipe organs to accompany their chant.
Armenian priests below the rank of bishop are allowed to be married
before ordination and their descendants' surnames are prepended with the
prefix "Ter" (or "Der" in Western Armenian), meaning "Lord", to
indicate their lineage. Such a married priest is known as a kahana.
The Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates the Nativity of Jesus in combination with the Feast of the Epiphany, putting Armenian Christmas on 6 January in the church's calendar. This contrasts with the more common celebration of Christmas
on 25 December, originally a Western Christian tradition, which Armenia
only briefly adopted before reverting to its original practice.
Since 1923, the church has mainly used the Gregorian Calendar shared by most civil authorities and Western Christian churches (not the traditional Armenian calendar). The only exception is the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, where the old Julian calendar is used, putting Nativity celebrations on 19 January in the Gregorian calendar.
Official position of the Armenian Apostolic Church in the Republic of Armenia
The status of the Armenian Apostolic Church within the Republic of
Armenia is defined in the country's constitution. A 2005 amendment to
the constitution granted the Church an "exclusive mission" within
Armenia's spiritual and cultural life.
In 2009, further constitutional amendments were drafted that would
make it a crime for non-traditional religious groups to proselytize on
adherents of the Apostolic Church. Minority groups would also be banned
from spreading 'distrust' in other faiths.
These draft amendments were put on hold after strong criticism voiced
by the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe. Armenian religious minorities and human rights
groups also expressed serious concern over the amendments, with human
rights activist Stepan Danielian stating "the Armenian Apostolic Church
today wants to have a monopoly on religion". The Armenian Church defines
religious groups operating outside its domain as "sects" and, in the
words of spokesman Bishop Arshak Khachatrian, considers that "their
activities in Armenia are nothing but a denial of the creed of the
Armenian Apostolic Church, which is considered the national religion of
the Armenian people". Hrant Bagratyan,
former Prime Minister of Armenia, has condemned the close association
the Armenian Apostolic Church has with the Armenian government, calling
the Church an "untouchable" organisation that is secretive of its income
and expenditure.
References:
- THE CONDITION OF THE ARMENIAN HISTORICAL MONUMENTS IN TURKEY". Research on Armenian Architecture. 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- UNESCO World Heritage: Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran
- Thaddeus Monastery at Armeniapedia
- St Thaddeus at Armenica.org
- Armenian Architecture studies
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