Relic, Jeremiah 18:18-20, Psalms 31:5-16, Matthew 20:17-28, St Honorina, Normandy France, Auguste Perret, Catholic Catechism Part One Section 2 The Creeds Chapter 3 I Believe in the Holy Spirit
Good Day Bloggers! Wishing everyone a Blessed Week!
Year of Faith - October 11, 2012 - November 24, 2013
P.U.S.H. (Pray Until Serenity Happens). It has a remarkable way of producing solace, peace, patience and tranquility and of course resolution...God's always available 24/7.
The world begins and ends everyday for someone. We are all human. We all experience birth, life and death. We all have
flaws but we also all have the gift of knowledge and free will,
make the most of these gifts. Life on earth is a stepping stone to our eternal home in
Heaven. Its your choice whether to rise towards eternal light or lost to
eternal darkness. Material items, though needed for sustenance and
survival on earth are of earthly value only. The only thing that passes
from this earth to Purgatory and/or Heaven is our Soul, our Spirit...it's God's perpetual
gift to us...Embrace it, treasure it, nurture it, protect it...
"Raise not a hand to another unless it is to offer in peace and goodwill." ~ Zarya Parx 2012
Heed the Solemnity of Lent! This Lent instead of "Giving Up" something, why not "Give" by volunteering time to a worthy cause, or extending a simple act of kindness! This blog is an act of giving, simply "opening a door" to all to learn about God, the history and cultures of humanity, the geography of our biosphere, the catechism of the Catholic Church and more; its you choice of "free will" to walk through this blog with an open mind, to learn, to evaluate, to contemplate,. Start by familiarizing yourself with the Beatitudes, they are universal to all mankind, of which one is the gift of knowledge, utilize.
34 “Then the King will say to those on His right, ‘Come, you who are blessed of My Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. 35 For I was hungry, and you gave Me something to eat; I was thirsty, and you gave Me something to drink; I was a stranger, and you invited Me in; 36 naked, and you clothed Me; I was sick, and you visited Me; I was in prison, and you came to Me.’ 37 Then the righteous will answer Him, ‘Lord, when did we see You hungry, and feed You, or thirsty, and give You something to drink? 38 And when did we see You a stranger, and invite You in, or naked, and clothe You? 39 When did we see You sick, or in prison, and come to You?’ 40 The King will answer and say to them, ‘Truly I say to you, to the extent that you did it to one of these brothers of Mine, even the least of them, you did it to Me.’(Matthew 25:34-40)
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Prayers for Today: Wednesday in Lent
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Prayer For the Holy Election of Our New Pope
May the Lord preserve the sanctity of the enclave as they embark on electing our new Holy Father, give him life, and make him blessed upon earth, and deliver him not to the will of his enemies.
LET US PRAY:
O God, the Shepherd and Ruler of all the faithful, in Thy mercy look down upon Thy servant, (Our New Pope), whom Thou will appoint to preside over Thy Church, and grant we beseech Thee that both by word and example he may edify those who are under his charge; so that, with the flock entrusted to him, he may attain life everlasting. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.
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February 25, 2013 Message From Our Lady of Medjugorje to World:
“Dear children! Also today I call you to prayer. Sin is pulling you towards worldly things and I have come to lead you towards holiness and the things of God, but you are struggling and spending your energies in the battle with the good and the evil that are in you. Therefore, little children, pray, pray, pray until prayer becomes a joy for you and your life will become a simple walk towards God. Thank you for having responded to my call.”
“Dear children! Also today I call you to prayer. Sin is pulling you towards worldly things and I have come to lead you towards holiness and the things of God, but you are struggling and spending your energies in the battle with the good and the evil that are in you. Therefore, little children, pray, pray, pray until prayer becomes a joy for you and your life will become a simple walk towards God. Thank you for having responded to my call.”
February 2, 2013 Message From Our Lady of Medjugorje to World:
"Dear children, love is bringing me to you - the love which I desire to
teach you also - real love; the love which my Son showed you when He
died on the Cross out of love for you; the love which is always ready to
forgive and to ask for forgiveness. How great is your love? My motherly
heart is sorrowful as it searches for love in
your hearts. You are not ready to submit your will to God's will out of
love. You cannot help me to have those who have not come to know God's
love to come to know it, because you do not have real love. Consecrate
your hearts to me and I will lead you. I will teach you to forgive, to
love your enemies and to live according to my Son. Do not be afraid for
yourselves. In afflictions my Son does not forget those who love. I will
be beside you. I will implore the Heavenly Father for the light of
eternal truth and love to illuminate you. Pray for your shepherds so
that through your fasting and prayer they can lead you in love. Thank
you."
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Today's Word: relic rel·ic [rel-ik]
Origin: 1175–1225; Middle English < Old French relique < Latin reliquiae (plural) remains (> Old English reliquias ), equivalent to reliqu ( us ) remaining + -iae plural noun suffix
noun
noun
1. a surviving memorial of something past.
2. an object having interest by reason of its age or its association with the past: a museum of historic relics.
3. a surviving trace of something: a custom that is a relic of paganism.
4. relics.
a. remaining parts or fragments.
b. the remains of a deceased person.
5. something kept in remembrance; souvenir; memento.
6. Ecclesiastical . (especially in the Roman Catholic and Greek churches) the body, a part of the body, or some personal memorial of a saint, martyr, or other sacred person, preserved as worthy of veneration.
7. a once widespread linguistic form that survives in a limited area but is otherwise obsolete.
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Today's Old Testament Reading - Psalms 31:5-6, 14, 15-16
5 to your hands I commit my spirit, by you have I been redeemed. God of truth,
6 you hate those who serve useless idols; but my trust is in Yahweh:
14 But my trust is in you, Yahweh; I say, 'You are my God,'
15 every moment of my life is in your hands, rescue me from the clutches of my foes who pursue me;
16 let your face shine on your servant, save me in your faithful love.
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Today's Epistle - Jeremiah 18:18-20
18 'Come on,' they said, 'let us concoct a plot against Jeremiah, for the Law will not perish for lack of priests, nor advice for lack of wise men, nor the word for lack of prophets. Come on, let us slander him and pay no attention to anything he says.'
19 Pay attention to me, Yahweh, hear what my adversaries are saying.
20 Should evil be returned for good? Now they are digging a pit for me. Remember how I pleaded before you and spoke good of them, to turn your retribution away from them.
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Today's Gospel Reading - Matthew 20: 17-28
Jesus was going up to Jerusalem, and on the road he took the Twelve aside by themselves and said to them, 'Look, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of man is about to be handed over to the chief priests and scribes. They will condemn him to death and will hand him over to the gentiles to be mocked and scourged and crucified; and on the third day he will be raised up again.'
Then the mother of Zebedee's sons came with her sons to make a request of him, and bowed low; and he said to her, 'What is it you want?' She said to him, 'Promise that these two sons of mine may sit one at your right hand and the other at your left in your kingdom.' Jesus answered, 'You do not know what you are asking. Can you drink the cup that I am going to drink?' They replied, 'We can.' He said to them, 'Very well; you shall drink my cup, but as for seats at my right hand and my left, these are not mine to grant; they belong to those to whom they have been allotted by my Father.'
When the other ten heard this they were indignant with the two brothers. But Jesus called them to him and said, 'You know that among the gentiles the rulers lord it over them, and great men make their authority felt. Among you this is not to happen. No; anyone who wants to become great among you must be your servant, and anyone who wants to be first among you must be your slave, just as the Son of man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.'
Reflection
• Today’s Gospel presents three
points: the third announcement of the Passion (Mt 20, 17-19), the
petition of the Mother of the sons of Zebedee (Mt 20, 20-23) and the
discussion of the disciples regarding the first place (Mt 20, 24-28).
• Matthew 20, 17-19: The third announcement of the Passion. Going toward Jerusalem, Jesus walks in front of them. He knows that he is going to be killed. The Prophet Isaiah had already announced it (Is 50, 4-6; 53, 1-10). His death is not the fruit of a plan established in advance, but the consequence of the commitment taken concerning the mission received from the Father, to be at the side of the excluded of his time. This is why Jesus speaks to the disciples about the tortures and death that he will have to face in Jerusalem. The disciple should follow the Master, even if he has to suffer like he. The disciples are frightened and accompany him with fear. They do not understand what is happening (cfr. Lk 18, 34). Suffering did not correspond to the idea that they had of the Messiah (cfr. Mt 16, 21-23).
• Matthew 20, 20-21: The petition of the mother to obtain the first place for her sons. The disciples do not only not understand the importance and significance of the message of Jesus, but they continue with their own personal ambitions. When Jesus insists on service and the gift of oneself, they continue to ask for the first places in the Kingdom. The mother of James and John, taking her sons with her, gets close to Jesus . The two did not understand the proposal of Jesus. They were concerned only about their own interests. This is a sign that the dominating ideology of that time had profoundly penetrated in the mentality of the disciples. In spite of the fact of having lived with Jesus several years, they had not renewed their way of seeing things. They looked at Jesus as always, with the same look. They wanted a reward for the fact of following Jesus. The same tensions existed in the communities of the time of Matthew and they still exist today in our own communities.
• Matthew 20-22-23: Jesus’ answer. Jesus reacts firmly: ”You do not know what you are asking for!” And he asks if they are capable of drinking the chalice that he, Jesus, will drink and if they are ready to receive the baptism which he will receive. It is the chalice of suffering, the baptism of blood! Jesus wants to know if they, instead of the places of honour, accept to give their life up to death. Both answer: “We can!” It seems to be a response not given from within, because a few days later, they abandoned Jesus and left him alone at the hour of suffering (Mk 14, 50). They do not have a great critical knowledge, they do not perceive their personal reality. In what concerns the first place, the place of honour, in the Kingdom at the side of Jesus, the one who grants this is the Father. What he, Jesus, has to offer, is the chalice and the baptism, suffering and the cross.
• Matthew 20, 24-27: It should not be like that among you: Jesus speaks once again, on the exercise of power (cfr. Mk 9, 33-35). At that time those who held power did not give an account to people. They acted as they wished (cfr. Mk 6, 27-28). The Roman Empire controlled the world and maintained it submitted with the force of the arms and in this way, through tributes, taxes, succeeded in concentrating the riches of the people in the hands of a few in Rome. Society was characterized by the repressive and abusive exercise of power. Jesus had an altogether different proposal. He said: “It should not be like that among you; but the one who wants to become great among you, should become a servant, and the one who wants to be the first one among you, will become your slave!” He teaches against privileges and rivalry. He wants to change the system and insists on the fact that service is the remedy against personal ambition.
• Matthew 20, 28: The summary of the life of Jesus. Jesus defines his mission and his life: “I have not come to be served but to serve!” He has come to give his own life for the salvation of many. He is the Messiah Servant, announced by the Prophet Isaiah (cfr. Is 42, 1-9; 49, 1-6; 50, 4-9); 52, 13-53, 12). He learnt from his Mother who said: “Behold, the handmaid of the Lord!” (Lk 1, 38). A totally new proposal for the society of that time.
Personal questions
• James and John ask for a favour,
Jesus promises suffering. And I, what do I ask Jesus for in my prayer?
How do I accept suffering and the pains and sorrow which come to me in
my life?
• Jesus said: “It should not be like that among you!” Does my way of living in community follow this advice of Jesus?
• Jesus said: “It should not be like that among you!” Does my way of living in community follow this advice of Jesus?
Reference: Courtesy of Order of Carmelites, www.ocarm.org.
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Featured Item of the Day from Litany Lane
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Saint of the Day: Saint Honorina
Feast Day: February 27
Patron Saint: boatmen, Normandy France
Attributes: none
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| Saint Honorina |
Relics
In 876, with the coast threatened by the Normans, the monks guarding her relics moved them closer to the interior, at the confluence of the Seine and the Oise, placing them in the chapel associated with a fortress. On June 21, 1082, the castle of Conflans was destroyed during a siege. The monks therefore decided to build a church outside of the town walls, dedicated to Honorina. Her relics were transported solemnly in the presence of the bishop of Paris. The town to this day is called Conflans-Sainte-Honorine.Veneration
The church of Sainte-Honorine. Conflans-Sainte-Honorine.
Prisoners who were liberated thanks to the divine intercession of Saint Honorina brought their chains as an ex-voto.
A regional pilgrimage, on Ascension Day, developed thanks to the monks of the priory of Conflans, who were associated with Bec Abbey. There are several French towns that are named Sainte-Honorine.
References
- (Italian)Antonio Borrelli (13 October 2002). "Sant' Onorina" (in Italian). Santi, beati e testimoni - Enciclopedia dei Santi. http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/42950. Retrieved 2007-02-26.</ref>
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Today's Snippet I: Normandy France
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| Map of Normandy |
Upper Normandy (Haute-Normandie) consists of the French departments of Seine-Maritime and Eure, and Lower Normandy (Basse-Normandie) of the departments of Orne, Calvados, and Manche. The former province of Normandy comprised present-day Upper and Lower Normandy, as well as small areas now part of the départements of Eure-et-Loir, Mayenne, and Sarthe. The name of Normandy is derived from the settlement of the territory by Vikings ("Northmen") from the 9th century, and confirmed by treaty in the 10th century. For a century and a half following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, Normandy and England were linked by Norman and Frankish rulers.
During the Second World War, the D Day landings on the Normandy beaches, under the code name Operation Neptune, started the lengthy Battle of Normandy and resulted in the Liberation of Paris and the restoration of the French Republic. These landings were a significant turning point in the war. The population of Normandy is around 3.45 million. The continental population of 3.26 million accounts for 5.5% of the population of France (in 2005).
Lower Normandy is predominantly agricultural in character, with cattle breeding the most important sector (although in decline from the peak levels of the 1970s and 1980s). The bocage is a patchwork of small fields with high hedges, typical of western areas. Upper Normandy contains a higher concentration of industry. Normandy is a significant cider-producing region, and also produces calvados, a distilled cider or apple brandy. Other activities of economic importance are dairy produce, flax (60% of production in France), horse breeding (including two French national stud farms), fishing, seafood, and tourism. The region contains three French nuclear power stations. There is also easy access to and from the UK using the ports of Cherbourg, Caen (Ouistreham), Le Havre and Dieppe[4]
History
In the late 3rd century, barbarian raids devastated Normandy. Coastal settlements were raided by Saxon pirates. Christianity also began to enter the area during this period. In 406, Germanic tribes began invading from the east, while the Saxons subjugated the Norman coast. The Roman Emperor withdrew from most of Normandy. As early as 487, the area between the River Somme and the River Loire came under the control of the Frankish lord Clovis.
The Vikings started to raid the Seine Valley during the middle of 9th century. After attacking and destroying monasteries, including one at Jumieges, they took advantage of the power vacuum created by the disintegration of Charlemagne's empire to take northern France. The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Scandinavian Viking leader Rollo (also known as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks, Charles the Simple, through the Treaty of Saint Clair-sur-Epte. In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory which he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name "Normandy" reflects Rollo's Viking (i.e. "Northman") origins.
The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romantic language and intermarried with the area's original inhabitants. They became the Normans – a Norman-speaking mixture of Scandinavians, Hiberno-Norse, Saxons, Orcadians, Anglo-Danish, and indigenous Franks and Gauls.
Rollo's descendant William, Duke of Normandy, became king of England in 1066 in the Norman Conquest culminating at the Battle of Hastings, while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants.
Norman expansion
Tancred's sons William Iron Arm, Drogo of Hauteville, Humphrey of Hauteville, Robert Guiscard and Roger the Great Count conquered the Emirate of Sicily and additional territories in Southern Italy. They also carved out a place for themselves and their descendants in the Crusader States of Asia Minor and the Holy Land.
The 14th century Norman explorer Jean de Béthencourt established a kingdom in the Canary Islands. Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands but recognised as his overlord Henry III of Castile, who had provided aid during the conquest.
13th to 17th centuries
The Charte aux Normands granted by Louis X of France in 1315 (and later re-confirmed in 1339) – like the analogous Magna Carta granted in England in the aftermath of 1204 – guaranteed the liberties and privileges of the province of Normandy.
French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years' War in 1345–1360 and again in 1415–1450. Normandy lost three-quarters of its population during the war.[6] Afterward prosperity returned to Normandy until the Wars of Religion. When many Norman towns (Alençon, Rouen, Caen, Coutances, Bayeux) joined the Protestant Reformation, battles ensued throughout the province. In the Channel Islands, a period of Calvinism following the Reformation was suppressed when Anglicanism was imposed following the English Civil War.
Samuel de Champlain left the port of Honfleur in 1604 and founded Acadia. Four years later, he founded Quebec City. From then onwards, Normans engaged in a policy of expansion in North America. They continued the exploration of the New World: René Robert Cavelier de La Salle travelled in the area of the Great Lakes, then on the Mississippi River. Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and his brother Lemoyne de Bienville founded Louisiana, Biloxi, Mobile and New Orleans. Territories located between Quebec and the Mississippi Delta were opened up to establish Canada and Louisiana. Colonists from Normandy were among the most active in New France, comprising Acadia, Canada, and Louisiana. Honfleur and Le Havre were two of the principal slave trade ports of France.
18th and 19th centuries
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| Le Mont Saint-Michel |
Bad harvests, technical progress and the effects of the Eden Agreement signed in 1786 affected employment and the economy of the province. Normans laboured under a heavy fiscal burden. In 1790 the five departments of Normandy replaced the former province. 11 July 1793, the Norman Charlotte Corday assassinated Marat. The Normans reacted little to the many political upheavals which characterised the 19th century. Overall they warily accepted the changes of régime (First French Empire, Bourbon Restoration, July Monarchy, French Second Republic, Second French Empire, French Third Republic). There was an economic revival (mechanization of textile manufacture, first trains...) after the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815). And new economic activity stimulated the coasts: seaside tourism. The 19th century marks the birth of the first beach resorts.
Second World War
The Allies, led by the United States coordinated a massive build-up of troops and supplies to support a large-scale invasion of Normandy in the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord. The Germans were dug in to fortified emplacements above the beaches. Caen, Cherbourg, Carentan, Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the Battle of Normandy, which continued until the closing of the so-called Falaise gap between Chambois and Montormel. The liberation of Le Havre followed.
This was a significant turning point in the war and led to the restoration of the French Republic. The remainder of Normandy was liberated only on 9 May 1945 at the end of the war, when the Occupation of the Channel Islands effectively ended.
Geography
The historical Duchy of Normandy was a formerly independent duchy occupying the lower Seine area, the Pays de Caux and the region to the west through the Pays d'Auge as far as the Cotentin Peninsula. The region is bordered along the northern coasts by the English Channel. There are granite cliffs in the west and limestone cliffs in the east. There are also long stretches of beach in the centre of the region. The bocage typical of the western areas caused problems for the invading forces in the Battle of Normandy. A notable feature of the landscape is created by the meanders of the Seine as it approaches its estuary.The highest point is the Signal d'Écouves (417m) in the Massif armoricain. Normandy is sparsely forested:[7] 12.8% of the territory is wooded, compared to a French average of 23.6%, although the proportion varies between the departments. Eure has most cover (21%) while Manche has least (4%), a characteristic shared with the Islands.
Towns
Rouen, in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe, it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. It was here that Joan of Arc was executed in 1431. People from Rouen are called Rouennais.
Food and drink
Normandy is a major cider-producing region (very little wine is produced). Perry is also produced, but in less significant quantities. Apple brandy, of which the most famous variety is calvados, is also popular. The mealtime trou normand, or "Norman hole", is a pause between meal courses in which diners partake of a glassful of calvados in order to improve the appetite and make room for the next course, and this is still observed in many homes and restaurants. Pommeau is an apéritif produced by blending unfermented cider and apple brandy. Another aperitif is the kir normand, a measure of crème de cassis topped up with cider. Bénédictine is produced in Fécamp.
Apples are also widely used in cooking: for example, moules à la normande are mussels cooked with apples and cream, bourdelots are apples baked in pastry, partridges are flamed with reinette apples, and localities all over the province have their own variation of apple tart, that is more popular named tan tan tan tan, because the people can't say the correct name "Tarte Tatin", a classic pastry dish from the region is Norman Tart a pastry-based variant of the apple tart.
Other regional specialities include tripes à la mode de Caen, andouilles and andouillettes, salt meadow (pré salé) lamb, seafood (mussels, scallops, lobsters, mackerel…), and teurgoule (spiced rice pudding).
Normandy dishes include duckling à la rouennaise, sautéed chicken yvetois, and goose en daube. Rabbit is cooked with morels, or à la havraise (stuffed with truffled pigs' trotters). Other dishes are sheep's trotters à la rouennaise, casseroled veal, larded calf's liver braised with carrots, and veal (or turkey) in cream and mushrooms.
Normandy is also noted for its pastries. It is the birthplace of brioches (especially those from Évreux and Gisors) and also turns out douillons (pears baked in pastry), craquelins, roulettes in Rouen, fouaces in Caen, fallues in Lisieux, sablés in Lisieux. Confectionery of the region includes Rouen apple sugar, Isigny caramels, Bayeux mint chews, Falaise berlingots, Le Havre marzipans, Argentan croquettes, and Rouen macaroons.
Normandy is the native land of Taillevent, cook of the kings of France Charles V and Charles VI. He wrote the earliest French cookery book named Le Viandier. Confiture de lait was also made in Normandy around the 14th century.
Literature
David Ferrand (1591–1660) in his Muse Normande established a landmark of Norman language literature. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the workers and merchants of Rouen established a tradition of polemical and satirical literature in a form of language called the parler purin. At the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century a new movement arose in the Channel Islands, led by writers such as George Métivier, which sparked a literary renaissance on the Norman mainland. In exile in Jersey and then Guernsey, Victor Hugo took an interest in the vernacular literature. Les Travailleurs de la mer is a well-known novel by Hugo set in the Channel Islands. The boom in insular literature in the early 19th century encouraged production especially in La Hague and around Cherbourg, where Alfred Rossel, Louis Beuve and Côtis-Capel became active. The typical medium for literary expression in Norman has traditionally been newspaper columns and almanacs. The novel Zabeth by André Louis which appeared in 1969 was the first novel published in Norman.
Painting
Breaking away from the more formalised and classical themes of the early part of the 19th century, Impressionist painters preferred to paint outdoors, in natural light, and to concentrate on landscapes, towns and scenes of daily life. Leader of the movement and father of modern painting, Claude Monet is perhaps one of the best known Impressionists and a major character in Normandy's artistic heritage. His house and gardens at Giverny are one of the region's major tourist sites, much visited for their beauty and their water lilies, as well as for their importance to Monet's artistic inspiration. Normandy was at the heart of his creation, from the paintings of Rouen's cathedral to the famous depictions of the cliffs at Etretat, the beach and port at Fécamp and the sunrise at Le Havre. It was Impression, Sunrise, Monet's painting of Le Havre, that led to the movement being dubbed Impressionism.
Landscapes and scenes of daily life were also immortalised on canvas by artists such as William Turner, the Honfleur born Eugène Boudin, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, Auguste Renoir, Gustave Caillebotte, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, Pierre Bonnard, George Braque, Henrique Padilha, Pedro Henrique and Pablo Picasso. While Monet's work adorns galleries and collections all over the world, a remarkable quantity of Impressionist works can be found in galleries throughout Normandy, such as the Museum of Fine Arts in Rouen, the Musée Eugène Boudin in Honfleur or the André Malraux Museum in Le Havre.
The Société normande de peinture moderne was founded in 1909. Among members were Raoul Dufy, a native of Le Havre, Albert Marquet, Francis Picabia and Maurice Utrillo. Also in this movement were the Duchamp brothers, Jacques Villon and Marcel Duchamp, also natives of Normandy.
Languages
French is the only official language in continental Normandy. English is also an official language in the Channel Islands. The Norman language, a regional language, is spoken by a minority of the population on the continent and the islands, with a concentration in the Cotentin Peninsula in the far West (the Cotentinais dialect), and in the Pays de Caux in the East (the Cauchois dialect). Many place names demonstrate the Norse influence in this Oïl language; for example -bec (stream), -fleur (river), -hou (island), -tot (homestead), -dal or -dalle (valley) and -hogue (hill, mound).Architecture
Domestic architecture in upper Normandy is typified by half-timbered buildings that also recall vernacular English architecture, although the farm enclosures of the more harshly landscaped Pays de Caux are a more idiosyncratic response to socio-economic and climatic imperatives. Much urban architectural heritage was destroyed during the Battle of Normandy in 1944 – post-war urban reconstruction, such as in Le Havre and Saint-Lô, could be said to demonstrate both the virtues and vices of modernist and brutalist trends of the 1950s and 1960s. Le Havre, the city rebuilt by Auguste Perret, was added to Unesco’s World Heritage List in 2005.
Vernacular architecture in lower Normandy takes its form from granite, the predominant local building material. The Channel Islands also share this influence – Chausey was for many years a source of quarried granite, including that used for the construction of Mont Saint-Michel.
The south part of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne is filled with bourgeois villas in Belle Époque style with polychrome façades, bow windows and unique roofing. This area, built between 1886 and 1914, has an authentic “Bagnolese” style and is typical of high-society country vacation of the time. The Chapel of Saint Germanus (Chapelle Saint-Germain) at Querqueville with its trefoil floorplan incorporates elements of one of the earliest surviving places of Christian worship in the Cotentin – perhaps second only to the Gallo-Roman baptistry at Port-Bail. It is dedicated to Germanus of Normandy.
Religion
Christian missionaries implanted monastic communities in the territory in the 5th and 6th centuries. Some of these missionaries came from across the Channel. The influence of Celtic Christianity can still be found in the Cotentin. By the terms of the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Rollo, a Viking pagan, accepted Christianity and was baptised. The Duchy of Normandy was therefore formally a Christian state from its foundation. The cathedrals of Normandy have exerted influence down the centuries in matters of both faith and politics. King Henry II of England, did penance at the cathedral of Avranches on 21 May 1172 and was absolved from the censures incurred by the assassination of Thomas Becket. Mont Saint-Michel is a historic pilgrimage site.
Normandy does not have one generally-agreed patron saint, although this title has been ascribed to Saint Michael, and to Saint Ouen. Many saints have been revered in Normandy down the centuries, including:
- Aubert who's remembered as the founder of Mont Saint-Michel
- Marcouf and Laud who are important saints in Lower Normandy
- Helier and Samson of Dol who are evangelizers of the Channel Islands
- Thomas Becket, an Anglo-Norman whose parents were from Rouen, who was the object of a considerable cult in mainland Normandy following his martyrdom
- Joan of Arc who was martyred in Rouen, and who is especially remembered in that city
- Thérèse de Lisieux whose birthplace in Alençon and later home in Lisieux are a focus for religious pilgrims.
- Germanus of Normandy
References
- ^ "Norman". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved April 2010.
- ^ Administrative Normandy
- ^ Michel Badet (last updated 29 May 2010). "Découvertes touristiques Cap Breizh – Les îles Anglo-Normandes". capbreizh.com. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^ http://normandyproperty.com/
- ^ (French) "César et les Gaulois". pagesperso-orange.fr.
- ^ Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1987). "The French peasantry, 1450–1660". University of California Press. p.32. ISBN 0-520-05523-3
- ^ Normandie, Bonneton, Paris 2001 ISBN 2-86253-272-X
- ^ (French) L’état des régions françaises 2004, page 189
- ^ (French) INSEE, Emploi-Chômage
- ^ "France in CIA factbook"
- ^ (French) INSEE
- ^ (French) INSEE
- ^ "Norman cheeses: History". fromages.org.
- ^ The Scandinavian Contribution in Normandy
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Today's Snippet II: Auguste Perret, the architect that rebuilt the city of La Harve France, post WWII
Auguste Perret (12 February 1874 - 25 February 1954) was a French architect and a world leader and specialist in reinforced concrete construction. In 2005 his post-World War II reconstruction of Le Havre was declared by UNESCO one of the World Heritage Sites. Le Havre was heavily bombed during the Second World War.
Many historic buildings were lost as a result. Perret rebuilt the City Hall, St. Joseph's Church and further reconstruction of the
French city of Le Havre after more than 80,000 inhabitants of that city
were left homeless following World War II, 1949–1956
Biography
He was born in Ixelles, Belgium. He was the brother of the architect Gustave Perret. He worked on a new interpretation of the neo-classical style. He continued to carry the banner of nineteenth century rationalism after Viollet-le-Duc.
His efforts to utilize historical typologies executed in new materials
were largely eclipsed by the younger media-savvy architect Le Corbusier, Perret's one-time employee, and his ilk.
Perret also served as a juror with Florence Meyer Blumenthal in awarding the Prix Blumenthal, a grant given between 1919–1954 to young French painters, sculptors, decorators, engravers, writers, and musicians.
The Prix Blumenthal (or Blumenthal Prize) was a grant or stipend awarded through the philanthropy of Florence Meyer Blumenthal (1875–1930) — and the foundation she created, Fondation franco-américaine Florence Blumenthal (Franco-American Florence Blumenthal Foundation)
— to discover young French artists, aid them financially, and in the
process draw the United States and France closer together through the
arts.
From 1940 Perret taught at the École des Beaux-Arts. He won the Royal Gold Medal in 1948 and the AIA Gold Medal in 1952.
An École des Beaux-Arts is one of a number of influential art schools in France. The most famous is the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, now located on the left bank in Paris, across the Seine from the Louvre, in the 6th arrondissement.
The school has a history spanning more than 350 years, training many of
the great artists in Europe. Beaux Arts style was modeled on classical "antiquities," preserving these idealized forms and passing the style on to future generations. The origins of the school go back to 1648 when the Académie des Beaux-Arts was founded by Cardinal Mazarin to educate the most talented students in drawing, painting, sculpture, engraving, architecture and other media. Louis XIV was known to select graduates from the school to decorate the royal apartments at Versailles, and in 1863 Napoleon III
granted the school independence from the government, changing the name
to "L'Ecole des Beaux-Arts". Women were admitted beginning in 1897. In
October 1898 after her third try, Julia Morgan of San Francisco, California, was accepted as the first woman to be enrolled in the Architecture Department. The curriculum was divided into the "Academy of Painting and
Sculpture" and the "Academy of Architecture". Both programs focused on
classical arts and architecture from Ancient Greek and Roman culture.
All students were required to prove their skills with basic drawing
tasks before advancing to figure drawing and painting. This culminated
in a competition for the Grand Prix de Rome, awarding a full scholarship to study in Rome. The three trials to obtain the prize lasted for nearly three months. Many of the most famous artists in Europe were trained here, to name but a few, they include Géricault, Degas, Delacroix, Fragonard, Ingres, Monet, Moreau, Renoir, Seurat, Cassandre and Sisley. Rodin however, applied on three occasions but was refused entry. The Paris school is the namesake and founding location of the Beaux Arts architectural movement in the early twentieth century. Known for demanding classwork and setting the highest standards for education,
the École attracted students from around the world – including the
United States, where students returned to design buildings that would
influence the history of architecture in America, including the Boston Public Library, 1888–1895 (McKim, Mead & White) and the New York Public Library, 1897–1911 (Carrère and Hastings). Architectural graduates, especially in France, are granted the title élève.
August Perret's Architectural Works
- Rue Franklin apartments, Paris, 1902–1904
- Garage Ponthieu, Paris, 1907
- Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Paris, 1913.The Théâtre des Champs-Élysées is a theatre at 15 avenue Montaigne. Despite its name, the theatre is not on the Champs-Élysées but nearby in another part of the 8th arrondissement of Paris. Opened in 1913, it was designed by French architect Auguste Perret and founded by journalist and impresario Gabriel Astruc to provide a venue suitable for contemporary music, dance and opera, in contrast to traditional, more conservative, institutions like the Paris Opera. It hosted the Ballets Russes for its first season, staging the world première of the Rite of Spring on Thursday May 29, 1913, thus becoming the celebrated location of one of the most famous of all classical music riots.
- The Church of Notre Dame du Raincy 1923 is a modern church built in 1922-23 by the French architects Auguste Perret and Gustave Perret in the commune of Le Raincy near Paris with stained-glass work by Marguerite Huré. It is considered a monument of modernism in architecture, using reinforced concrete in a manner that expresses the possibilities of the new material.
- the Concert The École Normale de Musique de Paris 1929,French for "National School of Music of Paris", also known as École Nationale de Musique de Paris and École Normale Supérieure de Musique de Paris) is a leading conservatoire located in Paris, France. The school was founded by Auguste Mangeot and pianist Alfred Cortot in 1919. It is officially recognised by the Ministry of Culture and Communication and is under the patronage of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The school, located in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, is housed in a "Belle Époque" building.
- extensions to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 1945.The École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts (ENSB-A) is the distinguished National School of Fine Arts in Paris, France. The École des Beaux-arts is made up of a vast complex of buildings located at 14 rue Bonaparte, between the quai Malaquais and the rue Bonaparte, in the heart of Saint-Germain-des-Près, just across the Seine from the Louvre museum. Founded in 1648 by Charles Le Brun as the Académie de peinture et de sculpture (the famed French Academy). In 1793, the institutes were suppressed, but in 1816, the name was changed when it merged with the Académie d'architecture. Held in the King's tutelage until 1863, an imperial decree of November 13, 1863 named the school's director, who serves for a five-year term. Long supervised by the Ministry of Public Instruction, the École des Beaux-Arts is now a public establishment.
- the City Hall, St. Joseph's Church and further reconstruction of the French city of Le Havre after more than 80,000 inhabitants of that city were left homeless following World War II, 1949–1956. St. Joseph's Church, Le Havre, is a Roman Catholic church in Le Havre, France, built between 1951 and 1957/58 as part of the reconstruction of the town of Le Havre, which was almost entirely destroyed during World War II. It acts as a memorial to the five thousand civilians who died in the conflict.The church was designed by the chief architect for the reconstruction of Le Havre, Auguste Perret, teacher and mentor to the Swiss architect Le Corbusier. The sombre interior is in the Neo-Gothic style. The tower is 107 metres tall and acts as a beacon visible from out at sea, especially at night when illuminated.
- 1955. Gare d'Amiens (formerly Gare du Nord) is the main station for the Northern French city of Amiens.The station opened on 15 March 1847 when the line to Abbeville opened to passengers. The station building was subsequently replaced by the present structure following the allied bombardment and was built in 1955 by Auguste Perret. A tower called the Tour Perret was built at the same time and close to the station. It is both a terminus and a through station, the passenger concourse was built over the six platforms to facilitate passenger movement. Although the station front was built between adjoining buildings the hall is as big as its Parisian counterparts.
- the villa Aghion, in Alexandria (partial attempt to destroy, 28 August 2009)
The Reconstruction of Le Harve, France
Le Havre is a city in the Seine-Maritime department of the Haute-Normandie region in France. It is situated in north-western France, on the right bank of the mouth of the river Seine on the English Channel. Le Havre is the most populous commune in the Haute-Normandie region, although the total population of the greater Le Havre conurbation is smaller than that of Rouen. It is also the second largest subprefecture in France (after Reims). Its port is the second busiest in France (after that of Marseille). Since 1974 it has been the see of the diocese of Le Havre.
Le Havre was provisionally renamed Franciscopolis in the documents, after King Francis I, who developed the city in 1517. A chapel known as Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
("Our Lady of Grace") existed at the site before the city was
established, and the denomination lent its name to the port, to be
called Le Hable de Grâce (already in 1489, "the harbor of Grace"). The shortened name Le Havre, as used in modern times, simply translates as "the port" or "the harbour".
Le Havre was once synonymous with urban gloom and greyness. The city's inhabitants have done much to change this. The name Le Havre simply means the harbour or the port
(somewhat archaic English "haven"). Le Havre was founded as a new port
by royal command, partly to replace the historic harbours of Harfleur and Honfleur which had become increasingly impractical due to silting-up. The city was founded in 1517, when it was named Franciscopolis after Francis I of France, and subsequently named Le Havre-de-Grâce ("Harbour of Grace") after an existing chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce ("our Lady of Grace").
On 20 April 1564, it became the port of departure for the French expedition of René Goulaine de Laudonnière to the New World where he created the first French colony at Fort Caroline near present-day Jacksonville, Florida. Famed artist Jacques le Moyne de Morgues
joined Laudonnière on this colonizing effort and created the first
known artistic depictions by a European of Native Americans in the New
World, specifically the Timucua tribes in the modern-day areas of northeast Florida and southeast Georgia.
In the 18th century, Le Havre began to grow, as trade from the West Indies was added to that of France and Europe. In 1759, the city was the staging point for a planned French invasion of Britain - thousands of troops, horses and ships being assembled there - only for many of the barges to be destroyed in the Raid on Le Havre and the invasion to be abandoned following the naval defeat at Quiberon.
The German-occupied city was devastated during the Battle of Normandy
in World War II: 5,000 people were killed and 12,000 homes were totally
destroyed, mainly by Allied air attacks. Despite this, Le Havre became
the location of one of the biggest Replacement Depots, or "Repple
Depples" in the European Theatre of Operations in WWII. Thousands of
American replacement troops poured through the city before being
deployed to combat operations. Le Havre was honoured with the Legion of Honor award on 18 July 1949. After the war, the centre was rebuilt in modernist style by Auguste Perret. UNESCO declared the city centre of Le Havre a World Heritage Site
on 15 July 2005, in honoring the "innovative utilization of concrete's
potential." The 133-hectare space that represents, according to UNESCO,
"an exceptional example of architecture and town planning of the
post-war era," is one of the rare contemporary World Heritage Sites in
Europe.
Reconstruction
The port city of Le Havre suffered catastrophic damage during the
Second World War. Like many French coastal towns, the port fell under
German-occupation in the early 1940s. Thousands of residents evacuated
to refugee camps in the British-zoned areas or farther afield to
neighbouring towns and makeshift shelters during this period. Le Havre
continued to operate through the messiness of war. Much of the
population opted to evacuate at dusk by foot, bicycle or wagon, only to
return during daylight hours after the Allied Forces air bombardments
(Dombrowski-Risser 2009, p. 63). Le Havre’s destruction culminated
during the Battle of Normandy in the summer of 1944. During the 5th and
6th days of September that year, Allied forces began their assault to
liberate the city from German occupation. The majority of the 132 bombs
to hit the city over the war period were employed in the days of this
campaign, often described as the “storm of iron and fire” (Clout 1999, p. 187). The city was finally liberated from German-occupation on 12 September 1944.
Le Havre, France’s second largest port experienced the worst damage
of any city in the country. Over 90% of the city was left in rubble; all
major public buildings in the administrative centre including the stock
exchange, city hall, and post office were destroyed, as well churches,
the two hospitals, schools, shops and housing (Arnaud 2009). The port
was rendered unusable due to the scattered wrecks blocking the channels
and access docks. Major urban fires broke out in the city in the
following days, destroying what little remained of historical
significance. The city’s water mains had been obliterated by the RAF
bombings, making the task of putting out the fires next to impossible
(Fowle 1992). By the end of the war, a total of 5,000 civilians had been
killed, 12,500 buildings destroyed and 80,000 people left homeless
(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) 2005). Much of the earth was heavily mined and shelled; the
original road grid was erased from physical memory. The majority of the
housing stock in the north-eastern suburbs of Aplemont and Graville had
been entirely flattened. The task of recovery and reconstruction would
require immense planning, both locally and from Paris. It was now up to
the planners and policy makers to restore Le Havre with a new identity
of historical strength and modern character.
Structured urban planning ideas and preparations had been in the
works for Le Havre long before World War II. The French Government drew
up a law in 1919, specifying that any city with a population greater
than 10,000 required a “plan for urban improvement, development and beautification”
(UNESCO 2005, p. 4). The port struggled with the depravities of many
European cities at the time. After the booming period of the Industrial
Revolution in the 19th century, the city’s population growth spiralled
out of control with no structured urban planning to speak of. Appalling
standards of sanitation and living conditions led the way for cramped
and gloomy courtyards, polluted air and flooded basements in the
residential neighbourhoods. Planning based on property speculation
resulted in low-quality construction of buildings and roads (Clout 1999,
p. 189). Little development took place between the wars, even with the
proposal of sanitation plans provided by private companies. The wartime
Vichy government enacted a master plan for redevelopment in 1941 under
the CRI agency for reconstruction, led by appointed urban planner Felix
Brunau. Following the height of destruction, plans were shelved until 16
November 1944, when the French government formed the Ministry of Reconstruction and Urbanism
(MRU) to resurrect damaged cities (Muller 2006). Many of the problems
surrounding the erection of temporary housing on private land would be
ironed out beneath this administration, at the expense of the state
under expropriation.
Auguste Perret (1874–1954), a formative architect-turned-town-planner
was commissioned to oversee the reconstruction of the city centre and
town plan in January 1945 by Raoul Dautry of the MRU (Kuhl, Lowis &
Thiel-Siling 2008, p. 61). The city council requested Brunau form part
of the planning team, but subsequently he left a short time later due to
creative conflicts with Perret (UNESCO 2005, p. 5). Traditionally built
on the moist soil of marshlands, the new grid of Le Havre was
envisioned by Perret to be elevated by 3.5 metres of concrete (Collins
2004, p. 273). Though this plan was unsuccessful due to costs and
shortage of materials, debris was used to raise the level of the town
centre. The use of reinforced concrete throughout the city’s buildings
came to impose strength of character and dominance of the port. With
relatively free access to land and space, Perret and his team of 60
architects and planners had the ability to interpret the spatiality of
the city as required.
The triangular axis of the Boulevard François I, the Avenue Foch and
Rue de Paris led the traveller north, south, east and west of the town
centre. The pre-war shopping precinct of Rue de Paris was redesigned
with wide footpaths. A surrounding gridiron street system allowed for
opened shopping areas, far from the dense and overcrowded crannies of
the old (Frampton 1995, p. 145). The Place de l’Hotel de Ville, the
central square, was lined with 330 apartments around the edge in varying
size and permitted a 1000-person occupancy. State funds also allowed
for the build of high-rise apartments over six blocks leading into the
residential areas. These new apartments possessed the latest innovations
including central heating (Clout 1999, p. 199). The Avenue Foch
stretched 80 metres wide, a little more than the Champs-Élysées in
Paris. The finest apartments were built here facing the northern
sunlight. Beyond the concrete formations of the inner township stretched
the Saint-Francois neighbourhood, made up of red-brick residences and
slate rooflines. Aplemont’s three-square-kilometre rebuild consisted of
detached housing, double storey terraces and small apartment blocks. A
church, community centre and shops also defined the new features.
Major public buildings designed by Perret himself include the Hotel
de Ville, the Bourse du Commerce, and the churches of Saint Michel and
Saint Joseph. Saint Joseph’s and its 110-metre-tall spire holds
significant value for the city as it is a built remembrance for Le Havre
residents who lost their lives during the war. The inclusion of 7.7
square kilometres of green spaces with parks, gardens and woodlands
added to the port’s urban renewal. This equates to an average of 41
square metres of green space per inhabitant, exceptional for any
European city of its time. Le Havre’s historical significance in urban
planning and revolutionary architecture culminated in the site’s
addition to the World Heritage list under the UNESCO in 2005 (Global
Compact Cities Program 2007).
Main sights
Churches
 |
| Church of St Jospeh |
- Le Havre Cathedral : the first stone of the building was laid in 1536. It is the seat of the Bishop of Le Havre.
- Church of St. Joseph, one of the most recognized symbols of the city. The belltower is one of the tallest in France, rising to a height of 107 metres. It was designed by Auguste Perret.
- Church of St. Michel
- Church of St. Vincent [Eglise St. Vincent:
- Church of St. François [Eglise St. François:
- Church of St. Anne [Eglise St. Anne:
- Church of St. Marie
- St. Michel d'Ingouville chapel (15th century) [St. Michel Chapel:
- Graville Abbey, a monastery dedicated to Sainte Honorine, set in grounds on the northern bank of the Seine River.
- Presbyterian Reform Church (Eglise Réformée), 47 rue Anatole France, built in 1857, bombed in 1941, the roof and ceiling was rebuilt in 1953 by two architects of the famous Auguste Perret office: Jacques Lamy and Gérard Dupasquier, Only one building in the town offering both: ancient and new Perret school architectures in the same building. Holy Office each Sunday morning at 10.30.
Museums
 |
| Musée du Vieux Havre |
- Musée des Beaux-Arts André Malraux : this museum houses a collection of art spanning the past five centuries; the impressionist paintings collections are the second most extensive in France after those of the Orsay Museum in Paris. There are paintings by Claude Monet and other artists who lived and worked in Normandy. Some of the paintings are by Eugène Boudin, Eugène Delacroix, Gustave Courbet, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Georges Seurat, Raoul Dufy, and Alfred Sisley. One of the museum's latest purchases is Vague, par temps d'orage by Gustave Courbet. The collection of Olivier Senn (1864–1959), given to the museum in 2004, contains more than 205 paintings.
- Musée du Vieux Havre
- Musée d'histoire naturelle (Museum of Natural History). The museum was damaged during World War II. "The Museum of Natural History is housed in Le Havre’s former law courts, built in the mid-18th century; the façade and monumental staircase are listed as historical monuments. The museum collection was reconstituted after fire damaged the building during the 1944 bombings. The museum was founded by the city in 1838; it boasts mineralogy, zoology, ornithology, palaeontology and prehistory departments, and a collection of early 19th-century paintings by local naturalist and traveller Charles-Alexandre Lesueur (1778-1846). The museum was destroyed during Allied bombings on September 5, 1944. The library was lost, along with its collections of photographs, scientific instruments and archives. The mineral and geological collections were all destroyed, including a rare collection of local mineral specimens of Normandy. The destruction of the museum was so intense, that all the catalogs, lists of donations, lists of purchases and other archives prevented even a precise inventoiry of all that was lost."
Others
- The Shipowner home (18th century)
- The former tribunal (18th century)
- The town Hall : the modern belfry contains offices
- The "Volcan", cultural centre built by Oscar Niemeyer
- Square St. Roch
- Japanese Garden
Demographics
The population of the Le Havre area was about 191,000 in 1999, which makes it the 12th most populous city in France and the most populous in Haute-Normandie (although the total population of the greater Le Havre conurbation is smaller than that of Rouen).
It has seen a drop in population, particularly from 1975 to 1982;
during these years of industrial decline, the population fell by 18,000.
During the 1980s, the population continued to decrease, though less
rapidly. Le Havre's city limit had a population of around 249,000 in
1999 (25th in France) and the urban area had a population of 297,000.
With 20% of the population less than 20 years old, the city of Le Havre
is relatively young; the population is also shrinking. The foreign-born
population is estimated at 8,200, 4% of the population. Due to the
economic changes that have affected the city, the French classification of occupations (fr)
evolved greatly in the 1980s; between 1982 and 1999, the number of
blue-collar workers decreased by a third (11,000). At the same time, the
number of office workers and professionals increased by 25%, which
partly explains the creation and development of the University of Le Havre.
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Catechism of the Catholic Church
Part One: Profession of Faith, Sect 2 The Creeds, Ch 3
CHAPTER THREE
I BELIEVE IN THE HOLY SPIRIT
683
"No one can say 'Jesus is Lord' except by the Holy Spirit."1 Cor 12:3
"God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, 'Abba!
Father!"'Gal 4:6 This knowledge of faith is possible only in the Holy
Spirit: to be in touch with Christ, we must first have been touched by the Holy
Spirit. He comes to meet us and kindles faith in us. By virtue of our Baptism,
the first sacrament of the faith, the Holy Spirit in the Church communicates to
us, intimately and personally, the life that originates in the Father and is
offered to us in the Son.
Baptism gives us the grace of
new birth in God the Father, through his Son, in the Holy Spirit. For those who
bear God's Spirit are led to the Word, that is, to the Son, and the Son
presents them to the Father, and the Father confers incorruptibility on them.
and it is impossible to see God's Son without the Spirit, and no one can
approach the Father without the Son, for the knowledge of the Father is the
Son, and the knowledge of God's Son is obtained through the Holy
Spirit.St. Irenaeus, Dem. ap. 7: SCh 62, 41-42
684
Through his grace, the Holy Spirit is the first to awaken faith in us and to
communicate to us the new life, which is to "know the Father and the one
whom he has sent, Jesus Christ."In 17:3 But the Spirit is the last of
the persons of the Holy Trinity to be revealed. St. Gregory of Nazianzus, the
Theologian, explains this progression in terms of the pedagogy of divine
"condescension":
The Old Testament proclaimed
the Father clearly, but the Son more obscurely. the New Testament revealed the
Son and gave us a glimpse of the divinity of the Spirit. Now the Spirit dwells
among us and grants us a clearer vision of himself. It was not prudent, when
the divinity of the Father had not yet been confessed, to proclaim the Son
openly and, when the divinity of the Son was not yet admitted, to add the Holy
Spirit as an extra burden, to speak somewhat daringly.... By advancing and
progressing "from glory to glory," the light of the Trinity will
shine in ever more brilliant rays.St. Gregory
of Nazianzus, Oratio theol., 5, 26 (= Oratio 31, 26): PG 36, 161-163
685
To believe in the Holy Spirit is to profess that the Holy Spirit is one of the
persons of the Holy Trinity, consubstantial with the Father and the Son:
"with the Father and the Son he is worshipped and
glorified."Nicene Creed; see above, par. 465 For this reason, the divine mystery of the Holy
Spirit was already treated in the context of Trinitarian "theology."
Here, however, we have to do with the Holy Spirit only in the divine
"economy."
686
The Holy Spirit is at work with the Father and the Son from the beginning to
the completion of the plan for our salvation. But in these "end
times," ushered in by the Son's redeeming Incarnation, the Spirit is
revealed and given, recognized and welcomed as a person. Now can this divine
plan, accomplished in Christ, the firstborn and head of the new creation, be
embodied in mankind by the outpouring of the Spirit: as the Church, the communion
of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life
everlasting.
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